Marketing Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Promoting Research - Essay Example Likewise, the employments of these ordinarily rely upon elements, for example, the exploration strategies used to play out the inquiry. The methodology for choosing a suitable research technique ordinarily relies upon elements, for example, the current issue, preparing and aptitudes that a specialist has nature and measure of accessible assets and furthermore the crowd that will be utilized during the examination. Regardless of the way that a significant number of these systems utilized may have segments of both subjective and quantitative strategies, there are sure suspicions that separate the methodologies given. Subjective and quantitative strategies can be looked into in the accompanying manner1. Quantitative research This is constantly viewed as making request over certain difficult that has been recognized relying upon a testing hypothesis. The figures that have been found under this exploration are typically dissected further utilizing other measurable methods like diagrams an d charts2. Quantitative research regularly includes respondents of a huge number, and typically it has consistently been foreordained. The estimations utilized during quantitative research choices should be quantitative, measurably substantial, and objective in nature. During this exploration procedure, the size of the example under assessment is constantly determined with the assistance of recipes to set up the parameters of the sufficient that will be required for the examination. Most subjective scientists are constantly planned 3to produce extremely low blunder edges consequently regardless of whether the activity is led again and again, the outcomes achieved will be pretty much equivalent. The point of subjective technique is consistently to demonstrate whether prognostic speculation given to a hypothesis might be holding any evident or significant meaning4. During quantitative research, the principle question rotates around numbers for example â€Å"†¦how numerous indivi duals watch football.† During this examination, the analyst ordinarily separates him/herself from the wonder under investigation. What's more, the qualities accomplished from the examination don't shape some portion of the exploration. For example, an examination trying to build up the quantity of people watching football won't focus on the numbers among the exploration esteem. Or maybe, the pre-owned example will speak to a whole populace that is under examination. Most specialists utilizing quantitative assets apply deductive speculations, rationale and plan theory that are tried in the region. After every one of these examinations, the scientist regularly try to think of speculations that help the fundamental hypothesis or theories and will assist them with comprehension and clarify the personal conduct standard of a specific wonder. Along these lines they can even foresee the future results of these. There are additionally sure methodologies that have been set up to help c oncoct compelling quantitative research questions. One of the most suggested methods for moving toward this is through after specific advances. Initial, one must build up the idea of quantitative research to be performed. For example it very well may be founded on relationship, similar or spellbinding elements. The following stage includes spotting out the different factors that you need to study5. After which a fitting structure is recognized relying upon the possibility factors. At that point at long last expressing the issues you mean or are attempting to address as research questions. The following is a case of a quantitative research question. â€Å"What issues impact the expert decisions of American school students?† When do associations utilize the quantitative strategies? The quantitative rese

Types of Prop Shaft Seals, Old and Modern

Sorts of Prop Shaft Seals, Old and Modern Current vessels utilize a blend of advances for fixing prop shafts to accomplish better with less support. Fiber and Lubricant These are much the same as the past times yet with better items. Plant filaments are supplanted with synthetics in these frameworks and oils are intended to stay in a strong state as opposed to condense when warmed by grating. This sort of item can be utilized in any normal stuffing box. In the previous not many years genuine hemp has opened up once more, so next time you clear out that stuffing box, get some hemp fiber and stir up some beeswax and linseed oil and you will have preferable execution over the cutting edge stuffing box repacking units will give you. Manufactured Putty This is a dirt sort of item which takes after demonstrating earth. It goes about as an additional layer of guard in an ordinary stuffing box. Earth seals despite everything require an appropriate ointment on the pole and support with square interlace fiber. This is a lower upkeep arrangement yet at the same time requires standard help. The arrival of genuine hemp to the United States showcase implies that stuffing box materials wont separate or liquefy, which is the thing that mud and clay secure against. Free hemp fiber is splashed with warm beeswax and linseed oil and that is held set up with a woven hemp grommet like those appeared in Ashleys Book of Knots. Mechanical Pack-Less Seals This is an item utilized on numerous vessels in an assortment of conditions. The unit comprises of a high-resistance, low contact bushing in a treated steel retainer. PYI is the most notable producer for retrofit and new form applications. It requires practically no support and is watertight. In the event that you think about vessel personal time and the work of a customary stuffing box, the additional expense is advantageous. The pack-less seals additionally have the benefit of holding the prop shaft itself, on the off chance that it isolates from the drive unit. Losing a pole will bring about an energetic stream of water entering your bilge compartment. One minor issue is the requirement for a positive constrain line to take care of the outside of the graphite bushing and forestall wear. A few producers do this more carefully than others and incorporate the positive weight source in the pole log lodging. Some despite everything have a requirement for a different through body fitting which just includes intricacy. Counting a pre-tapped port for a weight sensor would be pleasant, with the goal that pressure around the bushing could be checked consequently, despite the fact that this can without much of a stretch be fitted to the positive weight line on the off chance that one exists on your model. Weve experienced a couple of these packless units when they were run dry; it shows exactly how quick they can wear the replaceable segments. The expense is far short of what it would be for another total unit yet it despite everything requires a pole out fix, which implies arrangement and tuning for every individual segment from the motor to the prop. Dry sudden spikes in demand for old style pressing are fixed with a fractional turn of a man-sized wrench and cost minimal in excess of a couple of dispensable gloves and some hand more clean. With training, the engineered clay can give you a bilge that is almost as dry as one fitted with packless logs. Check with your protection supplier, you may get a rebate by changing to a pack-less seal. You will absolutely make the group part who goes about as your Oilier upbeat.

50 Must-Reads Books About LGBTQ History for Pride Month

50 Must-Reads Books About LGBTQ History for Pride Month Back in February, a story broke from popular UK magazine Attitude entitled, Young Queer People Shouldn’t Be Obliged to Care About LGBT History”. The article, by Dylan Jones, argues that queer kids are now “treated in much the same way as other kids”, they have out and proud queer role models, and are entering into a much more accepting world than those that came before them. Therefore, they should be allowed to be “carefree” and not hold the burden that older generations doâ€"the burden of friends and lovers lost to the AIDS crisis, the struggle of fighting for equal rights, the staggering numbers of LGBTQ+ suicides and substance abuse, the shame and abuse suffered as a result of what remains a predominantly heteronormative society. And while it’s true that things have gotten betterâ€"if you go to a Pride parade, it is more of a celebration than a protest as it used to beâ€"the fact remains that being queer comes with hardship. This is not to say that kids shouldn’t be allowed to be carefree, because they absolutely should, and we should find joy in the safety of acceptance. But the LGBTQ+ history is as essential to understanding society and ourselves as any other history, and it continues to be erased and silenced. Even now, the current American president has declined to recognize June as Pride Month, as it has been in the past. Queer people still face a unique threat of violence, with the massacre at Pulse nightclub still looming in recent history, and hate-related homocides increasing by 82% from 2016 to 2017. These numbers only increase when we talk about queer people of color and transgender people. When we know this to be true, how can we ignore the significance of queer history? How can we appreciate what we have without knowing where we came from? The truth is, we’re still celebrating Pride in June, whether 45 likes it or not. And part of Pride is carrying the weight of the queer past, knowing that LGBTQ+ folks have fought to find joy and love over the years and how special and exciting it is that we can find joy and love today. If you’re interested in learning more about queer history, here’s a good place to start. This is by no means a comprehensive list of books, as the history of LGBTQ+ people is intrinsically interwoven with, well, everythingâ€"but feeling connected to our past helps us connect to each other now. We celebrate not only the freedom we have found, but the work it took to get there. GENERAL A Queer History of the United States by Michael Bronski A Queer History of the United States  is more than a who’s who of queer history: it is a book that radically challenges how we understand American history. Drawing upon primary-source documents, literature, and cultural histories, scholar and activist Michael Bronski charts the breadth of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender history, from 1492 to the 1990s. A Desired Past: A Short History of Same-Sex Love in America by Leila J. Rupp With this book, Leila J. Rupp accomplishes what few scholars have even attempted: she combines a vast array of scholarship on supposedly discrete episodes in American history into an entertaining and entirely readable story of same-sex desire across the country and the centuries. Hidden from History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past by Martin Bauml Duberman, Martha Vicinus, George Chauncey This richly revealing anthology brings together for the first time the vital new scholarly studies now lifting the veil from the gay and lesbian past. Such notable researchers as John Boswell, Shari Benstock, Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, Jeffrey Weeks and John D’Emilio illuminate gay and lesbian life as it evolved in places as diverse as the Athens of Plato, Renaissance Italy, Victorian London, jazz Age Harlem, Revolutionary Russia, Nazi Germany, Castro’s Cuba, post-World War II San Franciscoâ€"and peoples as varied as South African black miners, American Indians, Chinese courtiers, Japanese samurai, English schoolboys and girls, and urban working women. Gender and sexuality, repression and resistance, deviance and acceptance, identity and communityâ€"all are given a context in this fascinating work. Out for Good: The Struggle to Build a Gay Rights Movement in America by Dudley Clendinen Writing about events within living memory is one of the hardest tasks for a historianâ€"there is too much information, too many perspectives. The authors of  Out for Good, both writers for the  New York Times, not only drew on extensive archival records but conducted nearly 700 interviews with the founders and opponents of the early gay rights movement. That they have been able to shape this unruly material into a convincing narrative is impressive enoughâ€"yet they have also managed to write one of the most dramatic and beautifully structured histories in recent years. Starting with the almost accidental Stonewall riots in 1969 and shifting between key cities and events, they track what they describe as the last great struggle for equal rights in American history. For homophile activists of the 1950s and early 1960s, that struggle had been about being left alone by police and politicians, but for those gathering to protest Stonewall, it was about defining themselves to society as ga y men and lesbians. While there are many memoirs and smaller studies of the era, no other book so graciously spans the 30-year period covered here. Queer (In)Justice: The Criminalization of LGBT People in the United States by Joey L. Mogul A groundbreaking work that turns a queer eye on the criminal legal system,  Queer (In)Justice  is a searing examination of queer experiencesâ€"as suspects, defendants, prisoners, and survivors of crime. The authors unpack queer criminal archetypesâ€"like gleeful gay killers, lethal lesbians, disease spreaders, and ;deceptive gender bendersâ€"to illustrate the punishment of queer expression, regardless of whether a crime was ever committed. Tracing stories from the streets to the bench to behind prison bars, they prove that the policing of sex and gender both bolsters and reinforces racial and gender inequalities. Queer America: A Peoples GLBT History of the United States by Vicki L. Eaklor Queer America,  provides a decade-by-decade overview of major issues and events in GLBT history including the Harlem Renaissance, changes in military policy, the Stonewall riots, organizations and alliances, AIDS, same-sex marriage, representation in the media, and legal battles. Eaklor brings the steady hand and perspective of an historian to the task of writing a sweeping work of narrative nonfiction that is both meaningful and relevant to all Americans.  Queer America  includes a rich array of visual materials, including sidebars highlighting major debates and vignettes focusing on key individuals. A timeline and further reading sections conclude each chapter; a full bibliography and black-and-white images enhance the text. Queer America is destined to become an indispensable resource for students, teachers, and general readers alike. Queer: A Graphic History by Dr. Meg-John Barker Activist-academic Meg-John Barker and cartoonist Julia Scheele illuminate the histories of queer thought and LGBTQ+ action in this groundbreaking non-fiction graphic novel. A kaleidoscope of characters from the diverse worlds of pop-culture, film, activism and academia guide us on a journey through the ideas, people and events that have shaped ‘queer theory’. From identity politics and gender roles to privilege and exclusion,  Queer  explores how we came to view sex, gender and sexuality in the ways that we do; how these ideas get tangled up with our culture and our understanding of biology, psychology and sexology; and how these views have been disputed and challenged. Sexual Minorities and Politics by Jason Pierceson The political representation and involvement of sexual minorities in the United States has been highly contested and fiercely debated. As recent legislative and judicial victories create inroads towards equality for this growing population, members and advocates of these minorities navigate evolving political and legal systems while continuing to fight against societal and institutional resistance.  Sexual Minorities and Politics  is the first textbook to provide students with an up-to-date, thorough, and comprehensive overview of the historical, political, and legal status of sexual and gender minorities. The Gay Revolution: The Story of the Struggle by Lillian Faderman The Gay Revolution  begins in the 1950s, when gays and lesbians were criminals, psychiatrists saw them as mentally ill, churches saw them as sinners, and society victimized them with hatred. Against this dark backdrop, a few brave people began to fight back, paving the way for the revolutionary changes of the 1960s and beyond. Faderman discusses the protests in the 1960s; the counter reaction of the 1970s and early eighties; the decimated but united community during the AIDS epidemic; and the current hurdles for the right to marriage equality. Unspeakable: The Rise of the Gay and Lesbian Press in America by Rodger Streitmatter Unspeakable documents the major phases in the evolution of the gay and lesbian press while providing a window into the history of the movement, from the era of McCarthyism to the militancy of the 60s and the Stonewall Riots, from the liberality of the 70s to the issue of AIDS in the 80s and the outing of the 90s GAY Gay Voices of the Harlem Renaissance (Blacks in the Diaspora) by A.B. Christa Schwarz This groundbreaking study explores the Harlem Renaissance as a literary phenomenon fundamentally shaped by same-sex-interested men. Christa Schwarz focuses on Countée Cullen, Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, and Richard Bruce Nugent and explores these writers’ sexually dissident or gay literary voices. The portrayals of men-loving men in these writers’ works vary significantly. Schwarz locates in the poetry of Cullen, Hughes, and McKay the employment of contemporary gay code words, deriving from the Greek discourse of homosexuality and from Walt Whitman. By contrast, Nugentâ€"the only out gay Harlem Renaissance artistâ€"portrayed men-loving men without reference to racial concepts or Whitmanesque codes. Schwarz argues for contemporary readings attuned to the complex relation between race, gender, and sexual orientation in Harlem Renaissance writing. Strangers: Homosexual Love in the Nineteenth Century by Graham Robb The nineteenth century was a golden age for those people known variously as sodomites, Uranians, monosexuals, and homosexuals. Long before Stonewall and Gay Pride, there was such a thing as gay culture, and it was recognized throughout Europe and America. Graham Robb, brilliant biographer of Balzac, Hugo, and Rimbaud, examines how homosexuals were treated by society and finds a tale of surprising tolerance. He describes the lives of gay men and women: how they discovered their sexuality and accepted or disguised it; how they came out; how they made contact with like-minded people. The Gay Metropolis: The Landmark History of Gay Life in America by Charles Kaiser New York Times  Notable Book of the Year and winner of a  Lambda Literary Award,  The Gay Metropolis  is a landmark saga of struggle and triumph that was instantly recognized as the most authoritative and substantial work of its kind. Filled with astounding anecdotes and searing tales of heartbreak and transformation, it provides a decade-by-decade account of the rise and acceptance of gay life and identity since the 1940s. From the making of  West Side Story,  the modern Romeo and Juliet tale written and staged by four gay men, to the catastrophic era of AIDS, Charles Kaiser recounts the true history of the gay movement with many never-before-told stories. Filled with dazzling charactersâ€"including Leonard Bernstein, Montgomery Clift, Alfred Hitchcock, and John F. Kennedy, among many othersâ€"this is a vital telling of American history, exciting and uplifting. LESBIAN New Lesbian Studies by Bonnie Zimmerman and Toni McNaron Forty essays arranged in six parts explore the history of lesbian studies as well as its current impact on conceptions of identity and community, teaching, academic disciplines, university practices, and the development of feminist and queer theories. The collection offers stirring personal testimony; multicultural and international perspectives and established and new voices; strategies for integrating lesbian studies into the curriculum; and contributions from lesbians working in libraries, athletic departments, and students services. Throughout, the contributors address the ways in which lesbian studies has transformed and will continue to transform traditional disciplines, practices, and thought. With its multicultural, multidisciplinary breadth and its unique emphasis on theory, practice, and activism,  The New Lesbian Studies  speaks to a broad audience of students, activists, and scholars. Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America by Lillian Faderman As Lillian Faderman writes, there are no constants with regard to lesbianism, except that lesbians prefer women. In this groundbreaking book, she reclaims the history of lesbian life in twentieth-century America, tracing the evolution of lesbian identity and subcultures from early networks to more recent diverse lifestyles. She draws from journals, unpublished manuscripts, songs, media accounts, novels, medical literature, pop culture artifacts, and oral histories by lesbians of all ages and backgrounds, uncovering a narrative of uncommon depth and originality. Sapphistries: A Global History of Love between Women by Leila J. Rupp From the ancient poet Sappho to  tombois  in contemporary Indonesia, women throughout history and around the globe have desired, loved, and had sex with other women. In beautiful prose,  Sapphistries  tells their stories, capturing the multitude of ways that diverse societies have shaped female same-sex sexuality across time and place. Leila J. Rupp reveals how, from the time of the very earliest societies, the possibility of love between women has been known, even when it is feared, ignored, or denied. We hear women in the sex-segregated spaces of convents and harems whispering words of love. We see women beginning to find each other on the streets of London and Amsterdam, in the aristocratic circles of Paris, in the factories of Shanghai. We find women’s desire and love for women meeting the light of day as Japanese schoolgirls fall in love, and lesbian bars and clubs spread from 1920s Berlin to 1950s Buffalo. And we encounter a world of difference in the twenty-first century, as transnational concepts and lesbian identities meet local understandings of how two women might love each other. BISEXUAL A History of Bisexuality by Steven Angelides Why is bisexuality the object of such skepticism? Why do sexologists steer clear of it in their research? Why has bisexuality, in stark contrast to homosexuality, only recently emerged as a nascent political and cultural identity? Bisexuality has been rendered as mostly irrelevant to the history, theory, and politics of sexuality. With  A History of Bisexuality, Steven Angelides explores the reasons why, and invites us to rethink our preconceptions about sexual identity. Retracing the evolution of sexology, and revisiting modern epistemological categories of sexuality in psychoanalysis, gay liberation, social constructionism, queer theory, biology, and human genetics, Angelides argues that bisexuality has historically functioned as the structural other to sexual identity itself, undermining assumptions about heterosexuality and homosexuality.  In a book that will become the center of debate about the nature of sexuality for years to come,  A History of Bisexuality  compels us to reth ink contemporary discourses of sexual theory and politics. Bisexuality and the Eroticism of Everyday Life by Marjorie Garber In this witty, learned, and scrupulously researched book, the author examines bisexuality and its many modes through a variety of critical lenses: cultural, literary, and psychological. Bisexuality is a monumental inquiry into what normal might mean, and just how difficult it is to make claims about sexuality, someone elses or ones own. Bisexuality in the Ancient World by Eva Cantarella In this readable and thought-provoking history of bisexuality in the classical age, Eva Cantarella draws on the full range of sources?from legal texts, inscriptions, and medical documents to poetry and philosophical literature?to reconstruct and compare the bisexual cultures of Athens and Rome. TRANS Second Skins: The Body Narratives of Transsexuality by Jay Prosser Do we need bodies for sex? Is gender in the head or in the body? In  Second Skins  Jay Prosser reveals the powerful drive that leads men and women literally to shed their skins andâ€"in flesh and headâ€"to cross the boundary of sex. Telling their story is not merely an act that comes after the fact, its a force of its own that makes it impossible to forget that stories of identity inhabit autobiographical bodies. In this stunning first extensive study of transsexual autobiography, Jay Prosser examines the exchanges between body and narrative that constitute the phenomenon of transsexuality. Showing how transsexualitys somatic transitions are spurred and enabled by the formal transitions of narrative, Prosser uncovers a narrative tradition for transsexual bodies. Sex change is a plotâ€"and thus appropriately transsexuals make for adept and absorbing authors. In reading the transssexual plot through transsexuals own recounting, Prosser not only gives us a new and more accurate renditio n of transsexuality. His book suggests transsexuality, with its extraordinary conjunctions of body and narrative, as an identity story that transitions across the body/language divide that currently stalls post-structuralist thought. Transgender History by Susan Stryker Covering American transgender history from the mid-twentieth century to today, Transgender History takes a chronological approach to the subject of transgender history, with each chapter covering major movements, writings, and events. Chapters cover the transsexual and transvestite communities in the years following World War II; trans radicalism and social change, which spanned from 1966 with the publication of The Transsexual Phenomenon, and lasted through the early 1970s; the mid-70s to 1990â€"the era of identity politics and the changes witnessed in trans circles through these years; and the gender issues witnessed through the 90s and 00s. Transgender Warriors: Making History from Joan of Arc to Dennis Rodman by Leslie Fienberg In this fascinating, personal journey through history, Leslie Feinberg uncovers persuasive evidence that there have always been people who crossed the cultural boundaries of gender.  Transgender Warriors  is an eye-opening jaunt through the history of gender expression and a powerful testament to the rebellious spirit. INTERSECTIONAL Asegi Stories: Cherokee Queer and Two-Spirit Memory by Qwo-Li Driskill As the first full-length work of scholarship to develop a tribally specific Indigenous Queer or Two-Spirit critique,  Asegi Stories  examines gender and sexuality in Cherokee cultural memory, how they shape the present, and how they can influence the future. The theoretical and methodological underpinnings of  Asegi Stories  derive from activist, artistic, and intellectual genealogies, referred to as dissent lines by Maori scholar Linda Tuhiwai Smith. Driskill intertwines Cherokee and other Indigenous traditions, women of color feminisms, grassroots activisms, queer and Trans studies and politics, rhetoric, Native studies, and decolonial politics. Drawing from oral histories and archival documents in order to articulate Cherokee-centered Two-Spirit critiques, Driskill contributes to the larger intertribal movements for social justice. Sexual Futures, Queer Gestures, and Other Latina Longings  by Juana Maria Rodriguez Centered on the sexuality of racialized queer female subjects, the book’s varied archiveâ€"which includes burlesque border crossings, daddy play, pornography, sodomy laws, and sovereignty claimsâ€"seeks to bring to the fore alternative sexual practices and machinations that exist outside the sightlines of mainstream cosmopolitan gay male culture. Situating articulations of sexual subjectivity between the interpretive poles of law and performance, Rodríguez argues that forms of agency continually mediate among these various structures of legibilityâ€"the rigid confines of the law and the imaginative possibilities of the performative. She reads the strategies of Puerto Rican activists working toward self-determination alongside sexual performances on stage, in commercial pornography, in multi-media installations, on the dance floor, and in the bedroom. Rodríguez examines not only how projections of racialized sex erupt onto various discursive mediums but also how the confluence of racial and gendered anxieties seeps into the gestures and utterances of sexual acts, kinship structures, and activist practices. Ultimately,  Sexual Futures, Queer Gestures, and Other Latina Longings  reveals ­â€"in lyrical style and explicit detail ­â€"how sex has been deployed in contemporary queer communities in order to radically reconceptualize sexual politics. Black on Both Sides: A Racial History of Trans Identity by C. Riley Snorton Drawing on a deep and varied archive of materialsâ€"early sexological texts, fugitive slave narratives, Afro-modernist literature, sensationalist journalism, Hollywood filmsâ€"Snorton attends to how slavery and the production of racialized gender provided the foundations for an understanding of gender as mutable. In tracing the twinned genealogies of blackness and transness, Snorton follows multiple trajectories, from the medical experiments conducted on enslaved black women by J. Marion Sims, the “father of American gynecology,” to the negation of blackness that makes transnormativity possible. Black Queer Studies: A Critical Anthology by E. Patrick Johnson, Mae G. Henderson Bringing together essays by established and emergent scholars, this collection assesses the strengths and weaknesses of prior work on race and sexuality and highlights the theoretical and political issues at stake in the nascent field of black queer studies. Including work by scholars based in English, film studies, black studies, sociology, history, political science, legal studies, cultural studies, and performance studies, the volume showcases the broadly interdisciplinary nature of the black queer studies project. The contributors consider representations of the black queer body, black queer literature, the pedagogical implications of black queer studies, and the ways that gender and sexuality have been glossed over in black studies and race and class marginalized in queer studies. Whether exploring the closet as a racially loaded metaphor, arguing for the inclusion of diaspora studies in black queer studies, considering how the black lesbian voice that was so expressive in the 1 970s and 1980s is all but inaudible today, or investigating how the social sciences have solidified racial and sexual exclusionary practices, these insightful essays signal an important and necessary expansion of queer studies. Borderlands  /    La Frontera  by Gloria Anzaldua Rooted in Gloria Anzaldúas experience as a Chicana, a lesbian, an activist, and a writer, the essays and poems in this volume profoundly challenged, and continue to challenge, how we think about identity.  Borderlands / La Frontera  remaps our understanding of what a border is, presenting it not as a simple divide between here and there, us and them, but as a psychic, social, and cultural terrain that we inhabit, and that inhabits all of us. Crip Theory: Cultural Signs of Queerness and Disability Robert McRuer Crip Theory  attends to the contemporary cultures of disability and queerness that are coming out all over. Both disability studies and queer theory are centrally concerned with how bodies, pleasures, and identities are represented as normal or as abject, but  Crip Theory  is the first book to analyze thoroughly the ways in which these interdisciplinary fields inform each other. Drawing on feminist theory, African American and Latino/a cultural theories, composition studies, film and television studies, and theories of globalization and counter-globalization, Robert McRuer articulates the central concerns of crip theory and considers how such a critical perspective might impact cultural and historical inquiry in the humanities. Disidentification by Jose Esteban Muñoz José Esteban Muñoz looks at how those outside the racial and sexual mainstream negotiate majority cultureâ€"not by aligning themselves with or against exclusionary works but rather by transforming these works for their own cultural purposes. Muñoz calls this process “disidentification,” and through a study of its workings, he develops a new perspective on minority performance, survival, and activism.  By examining the process of identification in the work of filmmakers, performance artists, ethnographers, Cuban choteo, forms of gay male mass culture (such as pornography), museums, art photography, camp and drag, and television, Muñoz persistently points to the intersecting and short-circuiting of identities and desires that result from misalignments with the cultural and ideological mainstream in contemporary urban America. Queer Indigenous Studies by Qwo-Li Driskill The collection notably engages Indigenous GLBTQ2 movements as alliances that also call for allies beyond their bounds, which the co-editors and contributors model by crossing their varied identities, including Native trans, straight non-Native feminist, Two-Spirit mixed blood, and queer. Rooted in the Indigenous Americas and the Pacific and drawing on disciplines ranging from literature to anthropology, contributors to Queer Indigenous Studies call Indigenous GLBTQ2 movements and allies to center an analysis that critiques the relationship between colonialism and heteropatriarchy. By answering critical turns in Indigenous scholarship that center Indigenous epistemologies and methodologies, contributors join in reshaping Native studies, queer studies, transgender studies, and Indigenous feminisms. Based on the reality that queer Indigenous people experience multilayered oppression that profoundly impacts our safety, health, and survival, this book is at once an imagining and an invita tion to the reader to join in the discussion of decolonizing queer Indigenous research and theory, and by doing so, to partake in allied resistance working toward positive change. Queering the Color Line: Race and the Invention of Homosexuality in American Culture by Siobhan B. Somerville Queering the Color Line  transforms previous understandings of how homosexuality was invented as a category of identity in the United States beginning in the late nineteenth century. Analyzing a range of sources, including sexology texts, early cinema, and African American literature, Siobhan B. Somerville argues that the emerging understanding of homosexuality depended on the context of the black/white “color line,” the dominant system of racial distinction during this period. This book thus critiques and revises tendencies to treat race and sexuality as unrelated categories of analysis, showing instead that race has historically been central to the cultural production of homosexuality. QUEER THEORY TEXTS Cruising Utopia by Jose Esteban Muñoz José Esteban Muñoz recalls the queer past for guidance in presaging its future. He considers the work of seminal artists and writers such as Andy Warhol, LeRoi Jones, Frank O’Hara, Ray Johnson, Fred Herko, Samuel Delany, and Elizabeth Bishop, alongside contemporary performance and visual artists like Dynasty Handbag, My Barbarian, Luke Dowd, Tony Just, and Kevin McCarty in order to decipher the anticipatory illumination of art and its uncanny ability to open windows to the future. In a startling repudiation of what the LGBT movement has held dear, Muñoz contends that queerness is instead a futurity bound phenomenon, a not yet here that critically engages pragmatic presentism. Part manifesto, part love-letter to the past and the future,  Cruising Utopia  argues that the here and now are not enough and issues an urgent call for the revivification of the queer political imagination. Epistemology of the Closet by Eve Segwick Since the late 1980s, queer studies and theory have become vital to the intellectual and political life of the United States. This has been due, in no small degree, to the influence of Eve Kosofsky Sedgwicks critically acclaimed  Epistemology of the Closet.  Working from classic texts of European and American writersâ€"including Melville, James, Nietzsche, Proust, and Wildeâ€"Sedgwick analyzes a turn-of-the-century historical moment in which sexual orientation became as important a demarcation of personhood as gender had been for centuries. The History of Sexuality by Michel Foucault Foucaults text is one of the cornerstones of modern sexuality theory. While this doesnt focus entirely on queerness, understanding Foucault will inform many further queer theory texts. Michel Foucault offers an iconoclastic exploration of why we feel compelled to continually analyze and discuss sex, and of the social and mental mechanisms of power that cause us to direct the questions of what we are to what our sexuality is. The Trouble with Normal: Sex, Politics and the Ethics of Queer Life by Michael Warner Warner presents a piercing and cogent analysis of the politics of shame and the stigma of sexual identity. He offers an alternative ethical vision that proclaims sex is as varied as the people who have it, and honesty and morality are not limited to those with a marriage license. His powerful indictment of all thats wrong with the trend to normalize will spark heated debate among all readers; gay and straight, liberal and conservative. PERIOD SPECIFIC, STONEWALL THE AIDS EPIDEMIC And the Band Played On: Politics, People, and the AIDS Epidemic by Randy Shilts Shilts expose revealed why AIDS was allowed to spread unchecked during the early 80s while the most trusted institutions ignored or denied the threat. One of the few true modern classics, it changed and framed how AIDS was discussed in the following years. Coming Out Under Fire: The History of Gay Men and Women in World War II by Allan Bérubé During World War II, as the United States called on its citizens to serve in unprecedented numbers, the presence of gay Americans in the armed forces increasingly conflicted with the expanding antihomosexual policies and procedures of the military. In  Coming Out Under Fire, Allan Berube examines in depth and detail these social and political confrontationâ€"not as a story of how the military victimized homosexuals, but as a story of how a dynamic power relationship developed between gay citizens and their government, transforming them both. Drawing on GIs wartime letters, extensive interviews with gay veterans, and declassified military documents, Berube thoughtfully constructs a startling history of the two wars gay military men and women foughtâ€"one for America and another as homosexuals within the military. The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government by David K. Johnson The Lavender Scare  masterfully  traces the origins of contemporary sexual politics to Cold War hysteria over national security. Drawing on newly declassified documents and interviews with former government officials, historian David Johnson chronicles how the myth that homosexuals threatened national security determined government policy for decades, ruined thousands of lives, and pushed many to suicide. As Johnson shows, this myth not only outlived McCarthy but, by the 1960s, helped launch a new civil rights struggle. After Silence: A History of AIDS through Its Images by Avram Finkelstein Early in the 1980s AIDS epidemic, six gay activists created one of the most iconic and lasting images that would come to symbolize a movement: a protest poster of a pink triangle with the words Silence = Death. The graphic and the slogan still resonate today, often usedâ€"and misusedâ€"to brand the entire movement. Cofounder of the collective Silence = Death and member of the art collective Gran Fury, Avram Finkelstein tells the story of how his work and other  protest artwork associated with the early years of the pandemic were created. Stonewall: Breaking Out in the Fight for Gay Rights by Ann Bausum In 1969 being gay in the United States was a criminal offense. People went to jail, lost jobs, and were disowned by their families for being gay. There were few safe havens. The Stonewall Inn, a Mafia-run, filthy, overpriced bar in New York City’s Greenwich Village, was one of them. Police raids on gay bars happened regularly in this era. But one hot June night, when cops pounded on the door of the Stonewall, almost nothing went as planned. Tensions were high. The crowd refused to go away. Anger and frustration boiled over. The raid became a riot. The riot became a catalyst. The catalyst triggered an explosive demand for gay rights. A riveting exploration of the Stonewall Riots and the national Gay Rights movement that followed is eye-opening, unflinching, and inspiring. Stonewall: The Riots That Sparked the Gay Revolution by David Carter In 1969, a series of riots over police action against The Stonewall Inn, a gay bar in New York Citys Greenwich Village, changed the longtime landscape of the homosexual in society literally overnight. Since then the event itself has become the stuff of legend, with relatively little hard information available on the riots themselves. Now, based on hundreds of interviews, an exhaustive search of public and previously sealed files, and over a decade of intensive research into the history and the topic,  Stonewall: The Riots That Sparked the Gay Revolution  brings this singular event to vivid life in this, the definitive story of one of historys most singular events QUEER MEDIA David Bowie Made Me Gay: 100 Years of LGBT Music by Darryl W. Bullock With the advent of recording technology, LGBT messages were for the first time brought to the forefront of popular music.  David Bowie Made Me Gay  uncovers the lives of the people who made these records, and offers a lively canter through the scarcely documented history of LGBT music-makers. Darryl W. Bullock discusses how gay, lesbian, and bisexual performers influenced Jazz and Blues; examines the almost forgotten Pansy Craze in the years between the two World Wars (when many LGBT performers were feted by royalty and Hollywood alike); chronicles the dark years after the depression when gay life was driven deep underground; celebrates the re-emergence of LGBT performers in the post-Stonewall years; and highlights today’s most legendary out-gay pop stars: Elton John, Boy George, Freddie Mercury, and George Michael. Queer Images: A History of Gay and Lesbian Film in America by Harry M. Benshoff Queer Images  surveys a wide variety of films, individuals, and subcultures, including the work of discreetly homosexual filmmakers during Hollywoods Golden Age; classical Hollywoods (failed) attempt to purge sex perversion from films; the development of gay male camp in Hollywood cinema; queer exploitation films and gay physique films; the queerness of 1960s Underground Film practice; independent lesbian documentaries and experimental films; cinematic responses to the AIDS crisis; the rise and impact of New Queer Cinema; the growth of LGBT film festivals; and how contemporary Hollywood deals with queer issues. The Celluloid Closet: Homosexuality in the Movies by Vito Russo By examining the images of homosexuality and gender variance in Hollywood films from the 1920s to the present, Russo traced a history not only of how gay men and lesbians had been erased or demonized in movies but in all of American culture as well. Chronicling the depictions of gay people such as the sissy roles of Edward Everett Horton and Franklin Pangborn in 1930s comedies or predatory lesbians in 1950s dramas (see Lauren Bacall in  Young Man with a Horn  and Barbara Stanwyck in  Walk on the Wild Side), Russo details how homophobic stereotypes have both reflected and perpetrated the oppression of gay people. QUEER ICONS MEMOIRS Becoming a Man: Half a Life Story  by Paul Monette A child of the 1950s from a small New England town, perfect Paul earns straight As and shines in social and literary pursuits, all the while keeping a secretâ€"from himself and the rest of the world. Struggling to be, or at least to imitate, a straight man, through Ivy League halls of privilege and bohemian travels abroad, loveless intimacy and unrequited passion, Paul Monette was haunted, and finally saved, by a dream of the thing Id never even seen: two men in love and laughing.' Boy Erased: A Memoir by Garrad Conley The son of a Baptist pastor and deeply embedded in church life in small town Arkansas, as a young man Garrard Conley was terrified and conflicted about his sexuality. When Garrard was a nineteen-year-old college student, he was outed to his parents, and was forced to make a life-changing decision: either agree to attend a church-supported conversion therapy program that promised to cure him of homosexuality; or risk losing family, friends, and the God he had prayed to every day of his life. Through an institutionalized Twelve-Step Program heavy on Bible study, he was supposed to emerge heterosexual, ex-gay, cleansed of impure urges and stronger in his faith in God for his brush with sin. Instead, even when faced with a harrowing and brutal journey, Garrard found the strength and understanding to break out in search of his true self and forgiveness. Boy Erased is Conleys memoir of his time in a gay conversion program, and the way it impacted his life. Christopher and His Kind: A Memoir, 1929-1939 by Christopher Isherwood Originally published in 1976,  Christopher and His Kind  covers the most memorable ten years in the writers lifeâ€"from 1928, when Christopher Isherwood left England to spend a week in Berlin and decided to stay there indefinitely, to 1939, when he arrived in America.  What most impressed the first readers of this memoir, however, was the candor with which he describes his life in gay Berlin of the 1930s and his struggles to save his companion, a German man named Heinz, from the Nazis. How to Write an Autobiographical Novel by Alexander Chee How to Write an Autobiographical Novel  is the author’s manifesto on the entangling of life, literature, and politics, and how the lessons learned from a life spent reading and writing fiction have changed him. In these essays, he grows from student to teacher, reader to writer, and reckons with his identities as a son, a gay man, a Korean American, an artist, an activist, a lover, and a friend. He examines some of the most formative experiences of his life and the nation’s history, including his father’s death, the AIDS crisis, 9/11, the jobs that supported his writingâ€"Tarot-reading, bookselling, cater-waiting for William F. Buckleyâ€"the writing of his first novel,  Edinburgh,  and the election of Donald Trump. Redefining Realness by Janet Mock With unflinching honesty and moving prose, Janet Mock relays her experiences of growing up young, multiracial, poor, and trans in America, offering readers accessible language while imparting vital insight about the unique challenges and vulnerabilities of a marginalized and misunderstood population The Mayor of Castro Street: The Life and Times of Harvey Milk by Randy Shilts Known as The Mayor of Castro Street even before he was elected to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, Harvey Milks personal and political life is a story full of personal tragedies and political intrigues, assassinations at City Hall, massive riots in the streets, the miscarriage of justice, and the consolidation of gay power and gay hope. Tomorrow Will Be Different: Love, Loss, and the Fight for Trans Equality by Sarah McBride Before she became the first transgender person to speak at a national political convention in 2016 at the age of twenty-six, Sarah McBride struggled with the decision to come outâ€"not just to her family but to the students of American University, where she was serving as student body president. She’d known she was a girl from her earliest memories, but it wasn’t until the Facebook post announcing her truth went viral that she realized just how much impact her story could have on the country. McBrides memoir chronicles her coming out and her life as an activist.

Edward Taylor And Anne Bradstreet - 863 Words

Throughout this class we have read different types of literature from many different authors. Some of the material I truly enjoyed and some of it not so much. I really enjoyed the Native American literature that we started out with in the beginning of the semester. I think the Native Americans are beautiful people who appreciated the land more than most. The Native Americans were smart people who used short stories such as The Chief’s Daughters and Coyote and Bear to warn their readers of dangers or teach them moral lessons. I also enjoyed authors such as Edward Taylor, Anne Bradstreet, and Thomas Paine. I did not like reading William Byrd’s material, chiefly because he was rude and spoke nastily of the Native Americans. It personally offended me that he thought their belief of afterlife to be â€Å"gross and sensual†. I have read material from many different authors and although I enjoyed most of them, I have to say that my two favorites were Edward Taylor and Anne Bradstreet. Both of these authors are Puritans, and it is easy to tell when reading their pieces. Puritans typically write in simple language, and always refer to God. Edward Taylor created a powerful analogy in his piece, Upon a Spider Catching a Fly. The analogy that he describes is an analogy between people and Satan. The spider represents the devil, who is manipulative and wants to trap people in his web of sin. The wasp represents someone who is strong in their faith and does not let themselves get trapped inShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Anne Bradstreet And Edward Taylor1157 Words   |  5 PagesAnne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor are two of the most distinguished and fervent Puritan poets. Yet this similarity has proven to be one of the few, if not only between these two. One cannot help but find it intriguing that poets who belong t o the same religious group and style would write so differently. Many of these differences are not even subtle or hidden beneath the text itself. The differences themselves hold implications and ideas that differ between each poet. The first difference whichRead MoreSpirituality and its Domestic Portrayal: Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor912 Words   |  4 PagesDomestic Portrayal: Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor The views on domestic life is not consistent in the early modern period, primarily due to the inner religious struggle that many people faced. Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor were born 30 years apart and their views on domestic life and God are seemingly contrasting. Anne Bradstreet has more of negative view on life and due to the fact that she was a woman, her thoughts weren’t valued very much. Conversely, Edward Taylor focuses more on theRead MoreComparison Of Anne Bradstreet s Memory Of My Dear Grandchild Elizabeth Bradstreet And Edward Taylors1293 Words   |  6 PagesA comparison of Anne Bradstreet’s’ â€Å"In Memory of My Dear Grandchild Elizabeth Bradstreet† and Edward Taylors’ â€Å"Upon Wedlock, and Death of Children.† Taylor and Bradstreet have different relationships to their children in each of their poems. In the poems the writers explain that death, in some way, is a natural course and compare it with the diverse aspects of n ature. Both Taylor and Bradstreet attempt to reunite the faith they have in God even when they suffer the loss of a child. These poems seemRead More Nature and Death in In Memory of My Dear Grandchild and Upon Wedlock and Death of Children850 Words   |  4 Pagesmemory of my dear grandchild by Anne Bradstreet, Upon wedlock and death of children by Edward Taylor though were written in different eras, they have a common concept death. The writers in their poems describe that death is a natural process and compare it with different aspects of nature. Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) and Edward Taylor (1642-1729) are both early American litterateurs, and are firm believers in the Puritan experiment in America. Anne Bradstreet was the daughter of Thomas DudleyRead MoreDiffering Views Of Puritanism : Bradstreet Vs. Taylor2044 Words   |  9 PagesFedor 1 Differing Views of Puritanism: Bradstreet vs. Taylor When the Puritans came to America in the 1600s, they brought many aspects of their lives with them, including their beliefs in modesty, hard work, and religious devotion. Their strong values in religion were a constant part of their everyday life and were a big feature of their society. Even though they were urged to suppress their feelings and fully devote themselves to God, some Puritans had struggles with this, and used poetry toRead MoreDefinition of Literature1320 Words   |  6 Pageswas a man of faith and often expressed this in his writing. In Of Plymouth Plantation he often refers to God’s providence and makes continuous references to God. Bradford may refer to God more than any other author in this colonial unit. Anne Bradstreet was a powerful force in literature during the 1960s because she was one of the first recognized women poets. Centuries later she is a revered writer and her poetry remains enchanting. â€Å"Thou ill-formed offspring of my feeble brain†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is the openingRead MorePoems of Puritan Authors: Themes of Religious Beliefs in a God-Centric Life646 Words   |  3 Pagesreligious services. Anne Bradstreet, a Puritan, is arguably the most famous writer to come out of this period. However, there were other poets writing in this time as well including male poets Michael Wigglesworth and Edward Taylor. In comparing the three, and taking particular interest in Anne Bradstreets poem Contemplations, it becomes evident that religion was an integral part of Puritan life, permeating into all other parts of life. In both the poems of Wigglesworth and Taylor, the reader cannotRead MoreAnne Bradstreet Essay600 Words   |  3 PagesAnne Bradstreet Anne Bradstreet was Americas first noteworthy poet in spite of the fact that she was a woman. Both the daughter and wife of Massachusetts governors, Bradstreet suffered all of the hardships of colonial life, was a mother, and still found time to write. Her poem, The Author to Her Book, is an example of Bradstreets excellent use of literary techniques while expressing genuine emotion and using domestic subject matter. Because her father was a studious man, BradstreetRead MoreLiterature As A Child Of The Colonial Times1265 Words   |  6 Pagesevents in the following period, events in the colonial time period effected the literature of the time because many literature works came after Colonial and Puritan events and also reflected those times. Edward Taylor s poem Huswifery give us a light on the average colonial life, Anne Bradstreet s puritan views effect the way she reacts toward the burning of her house in her poem, and the time period was so influential that Arthur Miller wrote a novel many years later about a significant eventRead MoreIn Memory Of Anne Bradstreet Analysis1777 Words   |  8 Pages Bradstreet 1. The voice of Anne Bradstreet is likely to appear in those poems whose titles refer to her immediate family, â€Å"To My Dear and Loving Husband†, â€Å"In Reference to Her Children, 23 June 1659†, â€Å"In Memory of Mt Dear Grandchild Elizabeth Bradstreet, Who Deceased August , 665, Being a Year and a Half Old†, and â€Å"To My Dear Children†. The other readings reflect the voice of the Mistress Bradstreet. In poems that reflect the voice of Anne, Bradstreet was full of emotion, and as a mother she

Tableau Analytical Essay . The Harlem Renaissance Was A

Tableau Analytical Essay The Harlem Renaissance was a turning point for the United States as a whole, but more importantly African American Culture. African Americans in the United States became more prominent and involved in society. Culturally and artistically African Americans began to thrive as they began to fully express themselves and become more involved in American society. Countee Cullen, an African American, was apart of the artistic movement. Through his writing Cullen exemplified the struggle and hardships African Americans faced and created a call for equality. Cullen wrote the poem â€Å"Tableau† to demonstrate the varying views of racism. In â€Å"Tableau† Countee Cullen communicates a desire to end racial injustice through the use†¦show more content†¦This allows readers to have a more open mindset when reading and see many different views. Views are normally influenced by opinion or foresight and by attempting to leave behind opinions readers can have a broader understanding. The idea of racism is demonstrated through a contradiction of races, â€Å"The black boy and the white† (Cullen 2). This exemplifies a contradiction of races, black to white. Racism plays a key role in this situation because if it was not present the two boys would go unnoticed and race would be ignored. In this time period whites were viewed as the superior race. Whites were more prominent in society and were held to a higher standard. Folk of the African American race were on the rise during the Harlem Renaissance and were becoming more involved in society. However, prejudice was extremely present in society. Blacks were looked at as less of a person than whites and held lesser positions. Other writers pick up on the contrast in characters,â€Å"... local townspeople react to a friendship between two boys; one black, the other white†(Turner 230). This is essential as it is easily distinguished that one is black and one boy is white. If it was not for prejudice, little would be thought about two young boys being together. The contradiction of races opens new opinions and room for criticism. Another example of contradiction is employed in the poem, â€Å"The

The Financial System of Bangladesh Free Essays

string(73) " set by the BB’s Investment Committee headed by a Deputy Governor\." Overview of Financial system of Bangladesh The financial system of Bangladesh is comprised of three broad fragmented sectors: 1. Formal Sector, 2. Semi-Formal Sector, 3. We will write a custom essay sample on The Financial System of Bangladesh or any similar topic only for you Order Now Informal Sector. The sectors have been categorized in accordance with their degree of regulation. The formal sector includes all regulated institutions like Banks, Non-Bank Financial Institutions (FIs), Insurance Companies, Capital Market Intermediaries like Brokerage Houses, Merchant Banks etc. ; Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs). The semi formal sector includes those institutions which are regulated otherwise but do not fall under the jurisdiction of Central Bank, Insurance Authority, Securities and Exchange Commission or any other enacted financial regulator. This sector is mainly represented by Specialized Financial Institutions like House Building Finance Corporation (HBFC), Palli Karma Sahayak Foundation (PKSF), Samabay Bank, Grameen Bank etc. , Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs and discrete government programs. About financial Market The financial market in Bangladesh is mainly of following types: 1. Money Market: The primary money market is comprised of banks, FIs and primary dealers as intermediaries and savings lending instruments, treasury bills as instruments. There are currently 15 primary dealers (12 banks and 3 FIs) in Bangladesh. The only active secondary market is overnight call money market which is participated by the scheduled banks and FIs. The money market in Bangladesh is regulated by Bangladesh Bank (BB), the Central Bank of Bangladesh. . Capital market: The primary segment of capital market is operated through private and public offering of equity and bond instruments. The secondary segment of capital market is institutionalized by two (02) stock exchanges-Dhaka Stock Exchange and Chittagong Stock Exchange. The instruments in these exchanges are equity securities (shares), debentures, corporate bonds and treasury bonds. The capital market in Bangladesh is governed by Securities and Commission ( SEC). 3. Foreign Exchange Market: Towards liberalization of foreign exchange transactions, a number of measures were adopted since 1990s. Bangladeshi currency, the taka, was declared convertible on current account transactions (as on 24 March 1994), in terms of Article VIII of IMF Article of Agreement (1994). As Taka is not convertible in capital account, resident owned capital is not freely transferable abroad. Repatriation of profits or disinvestment proceeds on non-resident FDI and portfolio investment inflows are permitted freely. Direct investments of non-residents in the industrial sector and portfolio investments of non-residents through stock exchanges are repatriable abroad, as also are capital gains and profits/dividends thereon. Investment abroad of resident-owned capital is subject to prior Bangladesh Bank approval, which is allowed only sparingly. Bangladesh adopted Floating Exchange Rate regime since 31 May 2003. Under the regime, BB does not interfere in the determination of exchange rate, but operates the monetary policy prudently for minimizing extreme swings in exchange rate to avoid adverse repercussion on the domestic economy. The exchange rate is being determined in the market on the basis of market demand and supply forces of the respective currencies. In the forex market banks are free to buy and sale foreign currency in the spot and also in the forward markets. However, to avoid any unusual volatility in the exchange rate, Bangladesh Bank, the regulator of foreign exchange market remains vigilant over the developments in the foreign exchange market and intervenes by buying and selling foreign currencies whenever it deems necessary to maintain stability in the foreign exchange market. Regulators of the Financial System Central Bank Bangladesh Bank acts as the Central Bank of Bangladesh which was established on December 16, 1972 through the enactment of Bangladesh Bank Order 1972- President’s Order No. 127 of 1972 (Amended in 2003). The general superintendence and direction of the affairs and business of BB have been entrusted to a 9 members’ Board of Directors which is headed by the Governor who is the Chief Executive Officer of this institution as well. BB has 40 departments and 9 branch offices. In Strategic Plan (2010-2014), the vision of BB has been stated as, â€Å"To develop continually as a forward looking central bank with competent and committed professionals of high ethical standards, conducting monetary management and financial sector supervision to maintain price stability and financial system robustness, supporting rapid broad based inclusive economic growth, employment generation and poverty eradication in Bangladesh†. The main functions of BB are (Section 7A of BB Order, 1972) – 1. to formulate and implement monetary policy; 2. o formulate and implement intervention policies in the foreign exchange market; 3. to give advice to the Government on the interaction of monetary policy with fiscal and exchange rate policy, on the impact of various policy measures on the economy and to propose legislative measures it considers necessary or appropriate to attain its objectives and perform its functions; 4. to hold and manage the official foreign reserves of Bangladesh; 5. to promote, regulate and ensure a secure and efficient payment system, including the issue of bank notes; 6. o regulate and supervise banking companies and financial institutions. Core Policies of Central Bank Monetary policy The main objectives of monetary policy of Bangladesh Bank are: †¢Price stability both internal external †¢Sustainable growth development †¢High employment †¢Economic and efficient use of resources †¢Stability of financial payment system Bangladesh Bank declares the monetary policy by issuing Monetary Policy Statement (MPS) twice (January and July) in a year. The tools and instruments for implementation of monetary policy in Bangladesh are Bank Rate, Open Market Operations (OMO), Repurchase agreements (Repo) Reverse Repo, Statutory Reserve Requirements (SLR CRR). Reserve Management Strategy Bangladesh Bank maintains the foreign exchange reserve of the country in different currencies to minimize the risk emerging from widespread fluctuation in exchange rate of major currencies and very irregular movement in interest rates in the global money market. BB has established Nostro account arrangements with different Central Banks. Funds accumulated in these accounts are invested in Treasury bills, repos and other government papers in the respective currencies. It also makes investment in the form of short term deposits with different high rated and reputed commercial banks and purchase of high rated sovereign/supranational/corporate bonds. A separate department of BB performs the operational functions regarding investment which is guided by investment policy set by the BB’s Investment Committee headed by a Deputy Governor. You read "The Financial System of Bangladesh" in category "Essay examples" The underlying principle of the investment policy is to ensure the optimum return on investment with minimum market risk. Interest Rate Policy Under the Financial sector reform program, a flexible interest policy was formulated. According to that, banks are free to charge/fix their deposit (Bank /Financial Institutes) and Lending (Bank /Financial Institutes) rates other than Export Credit. At present, except Pre-shipment export credit and agricultural lending, there is no interest rate cap on lending for banks. Yet, banks can differentiate interest rate up to 3% considering comparative risk elements involved among borrowers in same lending category. With progressive deregulation of interest rates, banks have been advised to announce the mid-rate of the limit (if any) for different sectors and the banks may change interest 1. 5% more or less than the announced mid-rate on the basis of the comparative credit risk. Banks upload their deposit and lending interest rate in their respective website. Capital Adequacy for Banks and FIs With a view to strengthening the capital base of banks FIs, Basel-II Accord has been introduced in both of these sectors. For banks, full implementation of Basel-II was started in January 01, 2010 (Guidelines on Risk Based Capital Adequacy for banks). Now, scheduled banks in Bangladesh are required to maintain Tk. 4 billion or 10% of Total Risk Weighted Assets as capital, whichever is higher. For FIs, full implementation of Basel-II has been started in January 01, 2012 (Prudential Guidelines on Capital Adequacy and Market Discipline (CAMD) for Financial Institutions). Now, FIs in Bangladesh are required to maintain Tk. 1 billion or 10% of Total Risk Weighted Assets as capital, whichever is higher. Deposit Insurance The deposit insurance scheme (DIS) was introduced in Bangladesh in August 1984 to act as a safety net for the depositors. All the scheduled banks Bangladesh are the member of this scheme Bank Deposit Insurance Act 2000. The purpose of DIS is to help to increase market discipline, reduce moral hazard in the financial sector and provide safety nets at the minimum cost to the public in the event of bank failure. A Deposit Insurance Trust Fund (DITF) has also been created for providing limited protection (not exceeding Taka 0. 01 million) to a small depositor in case of winding up of any bank. The Board of Directors of BB is the Trustee Board for the DITF. BB has adopted a system of risk based deposit insurance premium rates applicable for all scheduled banks effective from January – June 2007. According to new instruction regarding premium rates, problem banks are required to pay 0. 09 percent and private banks other than the problem banks and state owned commercial banks are required to pay 0. 7 percent where the percent coverage of the deposits is taka one hundred thousand per depositor per bank. With this end in view, BB has already advised the banks for bringing DIS into the notice of the public through displaying the same in their display board. Insurance Authority Insurance Development and Regulatory Authority (IDRA) was instituted on January 26, 2011 as the regulator of insuran ce industry being empowered by Insurance Development and Regulatory Act, 2010 by replacing its predecessor, Chief Controller of Insurance. This institution is operated under Ministry of Finance and a 4 member executive body headed by Chairman is responsible for its general supervision and direction of business. IDRA has been established to make the insurance industry as the premier financial service provider in the country by structuring on an efficient corporate environment, by securing embryonic aspiration of society and by penetrating deep into all segments for high economic growth. The mission of IDRA is to protect the interest of the policy holders and other stakeholders under insurance policy, supervise and regulate the insurance industry effectively, ensure orderly and systematic growth of the insurance industry and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. Regulator of Capital Market Intermediaries Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) performs the functions to regulate the capital market intermediaries and issuance of capital and financial instruments by public limited companies. It was established on June 8, 1993 under the Securities and Exchange Commission Act, 1993. A 5 member commission headed by a Chairman has the overall responsibility to administer securities legislation and the Commission is attached to the Ministry of Finance. The mission of SEC is to protect the interests of securities investors, to develop and maintain fair, transparent and efficient securities markets and to ensure proper issuance of securities and compliance with securities laws. The main functions of SEC are: †¢Regulating the business of the Stock Exchanges or any other securities market. Registering and regulating the business of stock-brokers, sub-brokers, share transfer agents, merchant bankers and managers of issues, trustee of trust deeds, registrar of an issue, underwriters, portfolio managers, investment advisers and other intermediaries in the securities market. †¢Registering, monitoring and regulating of collective investment scheme including all forms of mutu al funds. †¢Monitoring and regulating all authorized self regulatory organizations in the securities market. †¢Prohibiting fraudulent and unfair trade practices in any securities market. Promoting investors’ education and providing training for intermediaries of the securities market. †¢Prohibiting insider trading in securities. †¢Regulating the substantial acquisition of shares and take-over of companies. †¢Undertaking investigation and inspection, inquiries and audit of any issuer or dealer of securities, the Stock Exchanges and intermediaries and any self regulatory organization in the securities market. †¢Conducting research and publishing information. Regulator of Micro Finance Institutions To bring Non-government Microfinance Institutions (NGO-MFIs) under a regulatory framework, the Government of Bangladesh enacted â€Å"Microcredit Regulatory Authority Act, 2006’† (Act no. 32 of 2006) which came into effect from August 27, 2006. Under this Act, the Government established Microcredit Regulatory Authority (MRA) with a view to ensuring transparency and accountability of microcredit activities of the NGO-MFIs in the country. The Authority is empowered and responsible to implement the said act and to bring the microcredit sector of the country under a full-fledged regulatory framework. MRA’s mission is to ensure transparency and accountability of microfinance operations of NGO-MFIs as well as foster sustainable growth of this sector. In order to achieve its mission, MRA has set itself the task to attain the following goals: †¢To formulate as well as implement the policies to ensure good governance and transparent financial systems of MFIs. †¢To conduct in-depth research on critical microfinance issues and provide policy inputs to the government consistent with the national strategy for poverty eradication. To provide training of NGO-MFIs and linking them with the broader financial market to facilitate sustainable resources and efficient management. †¢To assist the government to build up an inclusive financial market for economic development of the country. †¢To identify the priorities in the microfinance sector for policy guidance and dissemination of information to attain the MRA’s social responsibility. According to the Act, the MRA will be responsible for the three primary functions that will need to be carried out, namely: †¢Licensing of MFIs with explicit legal powers; Supervision of MFIs to ensure that they continue to comply with the licensing requirements; and †¢Enforcement of sanctions in the event of any MFI failing to meet the licensing and ongoing supervisory requirements. Banks After the independence, banking industry in Bangladesh started its journey with 6 Nationalized commercialized banks, 2 State owned Specialized banks and 3 Foreign Banks. In the 1980’s banking industry achieved significant expansion with the entrance of private banks. Now, banks in Bangladesh are primarily of two types: †¢Scheduled Banks: The banks which get license to operate under Bank Company Act, 1991 (Amended in 2003) are termed as Scheduled Banks. †¢Non-Scheduled Banks: The banks which are established for special and definite objective and operate under the acts that are enacted for meeting up those objectives, are termed as Non-Scheduled Banks. These banks cannot perform all functions of scheduled banks. There are 47 scheduled banks in Bangladesh who operate under full control and supervision f Bangladesh Bank which is empowered to do so through Bangladesh Bank Order, 1972 and Bank Company Act, 1991. Scheduled Banks are classified into following types: †¢State Owned Commercial Banks (SOCBs): There are 4 SOCBs which are fully or majorly owned by the Government of Bangladesh. Nationalized Commercial Bank of Bangladesh: †¢Sonali Bank †¢Agrani Bank †¢Rupali Bank †¢Janata Bank †¢ †¢Specialized Banks ( SDBs): 9 specialized banks are now operating which were established for specific objectives like agricultural or industrial development. These banks are also fully or majorly owned by the Government of Bangladesh. . Karmasangsthan Bank 2. Bangladesh Krishi Bank 3. Rajshahi Krishi Unnayan Bank 4. Progoti Co-operative Landmortgage Bank Limited (Progoti BanK) 5. Grameen Bank 6. Bangladesh Development Bank Ltd 7. Bangladesh Somobay Bank Limited(Cooperative Bank) 8. Ansar VDP Unnyan Bank 9. BASIC Bank Limited (Bangladesh Small Industries and Commerce Bank Limited †¢ †¢Private Commercial Banks (PCBs): There are 37 private commercial banks which are majorly owned by the private entities. PCBs can be categorized into two groups: 1. United Commercial Bank Limited 2. Mutual Trust Bank Limited 3. BRAC Bank Limited . Eastern Bank Limited 5. Dutch-Bangla Bank Limited 6. Dhaka Bank Limited 7. Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd 8. Uttara Bank Limited 9. Pubali Bank Limited 10. IFIC Bank Limited 11. National Bank Limited 12. The City Bank Limited 13. NCC Bank Limited 14. Mercantile Bank Limited 15. Prime Bank Limited 16. Southeast Bank Limited 17. Al-Arafah Islami Bank Limited 18. Social Islami Bank Limited 19. Standard Bank Limited 20. One Bank Limited 21. Exim Bank Limited 22. Bangladesh Commerce Bank Limited 23. First Security Islami Bank Limited 24. The Premier Bank Limited 25. Bank Asia Limited 26. Trust Bank Limited 27. Shahjalal Islami Bank Limited 28. Jamuna Bank Limited 29. ICB Islamic Bank 30. AB Bank 31. Social Investment Bank Ltd 32. Union Bank 33. Modhumati Bank 34. The Farmers’ Bank 35. Midland Bank 36. Meghna Bank 37. South Bangla Agriculture and Commerce Bank †¢Conventional PCBs: 23 conventional PCBs are now operating in the industry. They perform the banking functions in conventional fashion interest based operations. †¢Islami Shariah based PCBs: There are 7 Islami Shariah based PCBs in Bangladesh and they execute banking activities according to Islami Shariah based principles i. . Profit-Loss Sharing (PLS) mode. . †¢Foreign Commercial Banks (FCBs): 10 FCBs are operating in Bangladesh as the branches of the banks which are incorporated in abroad. 10 foreign commercial banks are operating in Bangladesh. These are – 1. Citibank 2. HSBC 3. Standard Chartered Bank 4. Commercial Bank of Ceylon 5. State Bank of India 6. Habib Bank Limited 7. N ational Bank of Pakistan 8. Woori Bank 9. Bank Alfalah 10. ICICI Bank There are now 4 non-scheduled banks in Bangladesh which are: †¢Ansar VDP Unnayan Bank, †¢Karmashangosthan Bank, †¢Probashi Kollyan Bank, †¢Jubilee Bank FIs Non Bank Financial Institutions (FIs) are those types of financial institutions which are regulated under Financial Institution Act, 1993 and controlled by Bangladesh Bank. Now, 31 FIs are operating in Bangladesh while the maiden one was established in 1981. Out of the total, 2 is fully government owned, 1 is the subsidiary of a SOCB, 13 were initiated by private domestic initiative and 15 were initiated by joint venture initiative. Major sources of funds of FIs are Term Deposit (at least six months tenure), Credit Facility from Banks and other FIs, Call Money as well as Bond and Securitization. The major difference between banks and FIs are as follows: †¢FIs cannot issue cheques, pay-orders or demand drafts. †¢FIs cannot receive demand deposits, †¢FIs cannot be involved in foreign exchange financing, †¢FIs can conduct their business operations with diversified financing modes like syndicated financing, bridge financing, lease financing, securitization instruments, private placement of equity etc. Capital market After the independence, establishment of Dhaka Stock Exchange (formerly East Pakistan Stock Exchange) initiated the pathway of capital market intermediaries in Bangladesh. In 1976, formation of Investment Corporation of Bangladesh opened the door of professional portfolio management in institutional form. In last two decades, capital market witnessed number of institutional and regulatory advancements which has resulted diversified capital market intermediaries. At present, capital market intermediaries are of following types: 1. Stock Exchanges: Apart from Dhaka Stock Exchange, there is another stock exchange in Bangladesh that is Chittagong Stock Exchange established in 1995. 2. Central Depository: The only depository system for the transaction and settlement of financial securities, Central Depository Bangladesh Ltd (CDBL) was formed in 2000 which conducts its operations under Depositories Act 1999, Depositories Regulations 2000, Depository (User) Regulations 2003, and the CDBL by-laws. 3. Stock Dealer/Sock Broker: Under SEC (Stock Dealer, Stock Broker Authorized Representative) Rules 2000, these entities are licensed and they are bound to be a member of any of the two stock exchanges. At present, DSE and CSE have 238 and 136 members respectively. . Merchant Banker Portfolio Manager: These institutions are licensed to operate under SEC (Merchant Banker Portfolio Manager Rules) 1996 and 45 institutions have been licensed by SEC under this rules so far. 5. Asset Management Companies (AMCs): AMCs are authorized to act as issue and portfolio manager of the mutual funds which are issued under SEC (Mutual Fund) Rules 2001. There are 15 AMCs in Bangladesh at pr esent. 6. Credit Rating Companies (CRCs): CRCs in Bangladesh are licensed under Credit Rating Companies Rules, 1996 and now, 5 CRCs have been accredited by SEC. 7. Trustees/Custodians: According to rules, all asset backed securitizations and mutual funds must have an accredited trusty and security custodian. For that purpose, SEC has licensed 9 institutions as Trustees and 9 institutions as custodians. 8. Investment Corporation of Bangladesh (ICB): ICB is a specialized capital market intermediary which was established in 1976 through the ordainment of The Investment Corporation of Bangladesh Ordinance 1976. This ordinance has empowered ICB to perform all types of capital market intermediation that fall under jurisdiction of SEC. ICB has three subsidiaries: 8. 1. ICB Capital Management Ltd. , 8. 2. ICB Asset Management Company Ltd. , 8. 3. ICB Securities Trading Company Ltd. Insurance Insurance sector in Bangladesh emerged after independence with 2 nationalized insurance companies- 1 Life 1 General; and 1 foreign insurance company. In mid 80s, private sector insurance companies started to enter in the industry and it got expanded. Now days, 62 companies are operating under Insurance Act 2010. Out of them- †¢18 are Life Insurance Companies including 1 foreign company and 1 is state-owned company, †¢44 General Insurance Companies including 1 state-owned company. Insurance companies in Bangladesh provide following services: 1. Life insurance, 2. General Insurance, 3. Reinsurance, 4. Micro-insurance, 5. Takaful or Islami insurance. Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs) The member-based Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) constitute a rapidly growing segment of the Rural Financial Market (RFM) in Bangladesh. Microcredit programs (MCP) in Bangladesh are implemented by various formal financial institutions (nationalized commercial banks and specialized banks), specialized government organizations and Non-Government Organizations (NGOs). The growth in the MFI sector, in terms of the number of MFI as well as total membership, was phenomenal during the 1990s and continues till today. Despite the fact that more than a thousand of institutions are operating microcredit programs, but only 10 large Microcredit Institutions (MFIs) and Grameen Bank represent 87% of total savings of the sector and 81% of total outstanding loan of the sector. Through the financial services of microcredit, the poor people are engaging themselves in various income generating activities and around 30 million poor people are directly benefited from microcredit programs. Credit services of this sector can be categorized into six broad groups: i) general microcredit for small-scale self employment based activities, ii) microenterprise loans, iii) loans for ultra poor, iv) agricultural loans, v) seasonal loans, and vi) loans for disaster management. Currently, 599 institutions (as of October 10 2011) have been licensed by MRA to operate Micro Credit Programs. But, Grameen Bank is out of the jurisdiction of MRA as it is operated under a distinct legislation- Grameen Bank Ordinance, 1983. Recent Developments in Financial Sector of Bangladesh Automation and Technological Development: Banking sector experienced remarkable progress in respect of automation in functioning in last several years. For the pro-active and forward-visioning approach of Bangladesh Bank, numbers of automation initiatives have been implemented in banking sector. These initiatives include: †¢To create a disciplined environment for borrowing, the automated Credit Information Bureau (CIB) service provides credit related information for prospective and existing borrowers. With this improved and efficient system, risk management will be more effective. Banks and financial institutions may furnish credit information to CIB database 24 by 7 around the year; and they can access credit reports from CIB online instantly. †¢L/C Monitoring System has been introduced for preservation and using the all necessary information regarding L/C by the banks through BB website. This system allows the authorized users of banks to upload and download their L/C information. †¢ In terms of article 36(3) of Bangladesh Bank Order, 1972, all scheduled banks are subject to submit Weekly Statement of Position as at the close of business on every Thursday to the Department of Off-site Supervision. This statement now is submitted through on-line using the web upload service of BB website within o3 (three) working days after the reporting date which is much more time and labor efficient that the earlier manual system. †¢The e-Returns service has been introduced which is An Online Portal Service for Scheduled Banks to submit Electronic Returns using predefined template for the purpose of Macro Economy Analysis through related BB Departments. †¢Online Export Monitoring System is used for monitoring export of Bangladesh. Through this service, Banks and AD Branches of Banks issue reports export report. Bangladesh Automated Clearing House (BACH) started to work by replacing the ancient manual clearing system which allows the inter-bank cheques and similar type instruments to be to settled in instant manner. †¢Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT) has been introduced which facilitates the banks to make bulk payments instantly and using least paper and manpower. †¢The ini tiation of Mobile Banking has been one of the most noteworthy advancement in banking. Through this system, franchises of banks through mobile operators can provide banking service to even the remotest corner of the country. Almost every commercial bank is now using their own core banking solution which has made banking very faster and efficient. Usage of plastic money has much more increased in daily life transactions. Full or partial online banking is now being practiced by almost every bank. Inauguration of internet trading in both of the bourses (DSE CSE) in the country is the most significant advancement for capital market in last several years. Micro Finance Institutions submit their reports to the regulator through the Online Report Submission Tools for MFIs. Institutional Development: Through the Central Bank Strengthening Project, there have been a good number of achievements regarding the institutional development in BB which can be observed below: †¢The implementation of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) has been a big step in automation of operational structure of BB. †¢The establishment of Enterprise Data Warehouse (under process) will bring the whole banking and FI industry under a single network through which data sharing, reporting and supervision will enter in a new horizon. †¢Bangladesh Bank now possesses the most informative and resourceful website of the country regarding economic and financial information. Internal networking system with required online communication facilities have been developed and in operation for the officers of BB. †¢BB has hosted number of international seminars on different economic and financial issues over last several years. MRA was established in 2006 for bringing NGO-MFIs under supervision. For the pr o active role of MRA, this sector (MFI) is now in a good shape regarding the accountability and regulation. For abolishing anomaly and fetching discipline in insurance industry, IDRA was established in 2011. In one year, IDRA has taken number of appreciable steps to regularize this industry. After the massive crash of local bourses in 2010-2011, the executive body of SEC was redesigned in full and some good results have come after that. Regulatory Development: Banking and FI industries have experienced diversified regulatory development over last few years: †¢Full implementation of Basel-II (International capital adequacy standard) accord has been in effect in both banking and FI industry. †¢Guidelines on Environmental and Climate Change Risk Management for banks and FIs have been circulated. Policy guidelines on Green Banking also have been issued. †¢Guidelines on Stress Testing for banks and FIs have been issued which is aimed to assess the resilience of banks and FIs under different adverse situations. †¢Number of Policy initiatives for Financial Inclusion has been undertaken. †¢Banks have been asked to build up separate Risk Management Unit for comprehensive and intensive risk management. †¢Banks have been instructed to create separate subsidiary for capital market operations and capital market operations of banks are now minutely monitored. Supervision has been intensified to increase the participation of banks in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). †¢For the efficient and timely action of BB, foreign exchange reserve of Bangladesh did not face any adversity during global financial turmoil of 2007-09. †¢To meet international standard on Anti Money Laundering (AML)/Combating Financing of Terrorism (CFT) issues, guidelines for Money Cha ngers, Insurance Companies and Postal Remittance have already been circulated. SEC has updated Public Issue Rules, 2006 and Mutual Fund Rules, 2001. Apart from that, numbers of AMCs, merchant banks and are Mutual Funds are permitted by SEC which has increased the participation of institutional investors. The trend of capital market research has been upward which indicates the potential of analytical investment decision. Insurance Act 2010 was formulated to meet demand of concurrent time for shifting the insurance industry in a better shape. Apart from that, several initiatives have been undertaken by IDRA for prohibiting the malpractices in the industry regarding insurance commission, agent, premium etc and corporate governance issues. Banks As on June 2011 Deposits AdvancesTotal Capital*No. of Branches 4115855. 50 Million3212848. 70 Million461697. 00 Million7772 FIs As on December 2010 Deposits Loans and leasesAssetsShare Capital ReserveNo. of Branches 94374. 80 Million321284. 87 Million251527. 34 Million44689. 29 Million115 Insurance As on December 2009 AssetShare CapitalReserve Life Insurance118020. 15 Million1245. 54 Million106098. 88 Million Non-Life Insurance42622. 90 Million6653. 83 Million12133. 30 Million Capital Market Market Capitalization of Dhaka Stock Exchange As on September 2011 All Listed Securities2,782,901Million All Listed Companies Shares2,202,274 Million All Listed Mutual Funds35,733 Million All Debentures576 Million All Listed Govt. T-Bonds537,381 Million All Listed Corporate Bonds6,937 Million MFIs As on June 2009 Total Outstanding Number of ClientsNumber of BorrowersNo. of Branches 1,21,881. 85 Million24. 77 Million19. 50Million 18,022 * Sum of Tier-I, Tier-II and Tier-II Capital Components Related article: Padma Bridge How to cite The Financial System of Bangladesh, Essay examples

Top Love Songs free essay sample

Top Love Songs Recently, while reading a magazine, I saw an article listing the top love songs. The songs listed were cheesy and/or overused songs, such as Howie Day’s Collide, and James Blunt’s You’re Beautiful. The article gave me the idea to create a list of what I felt were the best underappreciated love songs, shown below in alphabetical order. 1. Can’t Stop- The Red Hot Chili Peppers 2. Casimir Pulaski Day- Sufjan Stevens 3. Catalyst- Anna Nalick 4. In Liverpool- Suzanne Vega 5. In My Head- Anna Nalick 6. If You Sleep- Tal Bachman 7. Kathy’s Song- Simon and Garfunkle 8. Miss You So Badly- Jimmy Buffet 9. Pieces- Dan Powell 10. Quelqu’un m’a dit- Carla Bruni 11. Romeo and Juliet- The Dire Straits 12. Separate Ways- Journey 13. Something So Right- Paul Simon 14. Somewhere Out There- Our Lady Peace 15. Suzanne- Leonard Cohen 16. Take This Waltz- Leonard Cohen 17. The Space Between- Dave Matthews Band 18. Walls- Trapt 19. Who†™s To Say- Vanessa Carlton 20. You’re Mine- Monkeys

Anaysis of Turkey essays

Anaysis of Turkey essays Political Stability: (4)***(3) Probably the most unpredictable facet of Turkey at this time. It remains to be seen if the instability will level out and stabilize. A recent election has brought a new president to power Suleyman Demirel. Consequently, the next few months are likely to prove beneficial for political critics in Ankara as well as elsewhere but perhaps less so for those who have been waiting patiently for a strong and decisive government to tackle Turkey's many pending problems. The country of Turkey has a population where more than One-Half of the people are under the age of 35, the consensus is too bring a leader with new ideals and sense of urgency. Public Policy: (2)***(2) Turkey will continue to be conscience of how they are perceived by NATO and the EU. Turkey has gone through a series of events to make foreign direct investment more opportunistic. Since the 1980s policy makers have looked to the Middle East for regional integration. It seems that Turkey wants to become more active in the international market and that the hindrances to do so are more on the external side of the equation. Turkey has entered NATO, which was a big help; they are trying to enter the European Union. That will be decided in the next few months. Many European countries frown upon the soaring inflation rates and high unemployment. Direct foreign investment averaged only US $70 million from 1980 to 1985, as foreign investors hesitated to put money into the country. Turkey had received debt relief during the early 1980s, but after 1984 most long-term capital came in the form of project credits or adjustment loans arranged by the World Bank. Views of Political leaders on Foreign Direct investment: ( Since 1963, Turkey has been pursuing the aim of developing its relations with the European Union, then the "European Economic Community. Prime Minister Turgut Ozal was working hard to improve Foreign dir...

Auschwitz Concentration and Death Camp

Auschwitz Concentration and Death Camp Built by the Nazis as both a concentration and death camp, Auschwitz was the largest of the Nazis camps and the most streamlined mass killing center ever created. It was at Auschwitz that 1.1 million people were murdered, mostly Jews. Auschwitz has become a symbol of death, the Holocaust, and the destruction of European Jewry. Dates: May 1940 - January 27, 1945 Camp Commandants: Rudolf Hà ¶ss, Arthur Liebehenschel, Richard Baer Auschwitz Established On April 27, 1940, Heinrich Himmler ordered the construction of a new camp near Oswiecim, Poland (about 37 miles or 60 km west of Krakow). The Auschwitz Concentration Camp (Auschwitz is the German spelling of Oswiecim) quickly became the largest Nazi  concentration and death camp. By the time of its liberation, Auschwitz had grown to include three large camps and 45 sub-camps. Auschwitz I (or the Main Camp) was the original camp. This camp housed prisoners, was the location of medical experiments, and the site of Block 11 (a place of severe torture) and the Black Wall (a place of execution). At the entrance of Auschwitz, I stood the infamous sign that stated Arbeit Macht Frei (work makes one free). Auschwitz I also housed the Nazi staff that ran the entire camp complex. Auschwitz II (or Birkenau) was completed in early 1942. Birkenau was built approximately 1.9 miles (3 km) away from Auschwitz I and was the real killing center of the Auschwitz death camp. It was in Birkenau where the dreaded selections were carried out on the ramp and where the sophisticated and camouflaged gas chambers laid in waiting. Birkenau, much larger than Auschwitz I, housed the most prisoners and included areas for women and Gypsies. Auschwitz III (or Buna-Monowitz) was built last as housing for the forced laborers at the Buna synthetic rubber factory in Monowitz. The 45 other sub-camps also housed prisoners that were used for forced labor. Arrival and Selection Jews, Gypsies (Roma), homosexuals, asocials, criminals, and prisoners of war were gathered, stuffed into cattle cars on trains, and sent to Auschwitz. When the trains stopped at Auschwitz II: Birkenau, the newly arrived were told to leave all their belongings on board and were then forced to disembark from the train and gather upon the railway platform, known as the ramp. Families, who had disembarked together, were quickly and brutally split up as an SS officer, usually, a Nazi doctor, ordered each individual into one of two lines. Most women, children, older men, and those that looked unfit or unhealthy were sent to the left; while most young men and others that looked strong enough to do hard labor were sent to the right. Unbeknownst to the people in the two lines, the left line meant immediate death at the gas chambers and the right meant that they would become a prisoner of the camp. (Most of the prisoners would later die from starvation, exposure, forced labor, and/or torture.) Once the selections had been concluded, a select group of Auschwitz prisoners (part of Kanada) gathered up all the belongings that had been left on the train and sorted them into huge piles, which were then stored in warehouses. These items (including clothing, eyeglasses, medicine, shoes, books, pictures, jewelry, and prayer shawls) would periodically be bundled and shipped back to Germany. Gas Chambers and Crematoria at Auschwitz The people who were sent to the left, which was the majority of those who arrived at Auschwitz, were never told that they had been chosen for death. The entire mass murder system depended on keeping this secret from its victims. If the victims had known they were headed to their death, they would most definitely have fought back. But they didnt know, so the victims latched onto the hope that the Nazis wanted them to believe. Having been told that they were going to be sent to work, the masses of victims believed it when they were told they first needed to be disinfected and have showers. The victims were ushered into an ante-room, where they were told to remove all their clothing. Completely naked, these men, women, and children were then ushered into a large room that looked like a big shower room (there were even fake shower heads on the walls). When the doors shut, a Nazi would pour Zyklon-B pellets into an opening (in the roof or through a window). The pellets  turned into poison gas once it contacted air. The gas killed quickly, but it was not instantaneous. Victims, finally realizing that this was not a shower room, clambered over each other, trying to find a pocket of breathable air. Others would claw at the doors until their fingers bled. Once everyone in the room was dead, special prisoners assigned this horrible task (Sonderkommandos) would air out the room and then remove the bodies. The bodies would be searched for gold and then placed into the crematoria. Although Auschwitz I did have a gas chamber, the majority of the mass murdering occurred in Auschwitz II: Birkenaus four main gas chambers, each of which had its own crematorium. Each of these gas chambers could murder about 6,000 people a day. Life in the Auschwitz Concentration Camp Those that had been sent to the right during the selection process on the ramp went through a dehumanizing process that turned them into camp prisoners. All of their clothes and any remaining personal belongings were taken from them and their hair was shorn completely off. They were given striped prison outfits and a pair of shoes, all of which were usually the wrong size. They were then registered, had their arms tattooed with a number, and transferred to one of Auschwitzs camps for forced labor. The new arrivals were then thrown into the cruel, hard, unfair, horrific world of camp life. Within their first week at Auschwitz, most new prisoners had discovered the fate of their loved ones that had been sent to the left. Some of the new prisoners never recovered from this news. In the barracks, prisoners slept cramped together with three prisoners per wooden bunk. Toilets in the barracks consisted of a bucket, which had usually overflowed by morning. In the morning, all prisoners would be assembled outside for roll call (Appell). Standing outside for hours at roll call, whether in intense heat or below freezing temperatures, was itself a torture. After roll call, the prisoners would be marched to the place where they were to work for the day. While some prisoners worked inside factories, others worked outside doing hard labor. After hours of hard work, the prisoners would be marched back to camp for another roll call. Food was scarce and usually consisted of a bowl of soup and some bread. The limited amount of food and extremely hard labor was intentionally meant to work and starve the prisoners to death. Medical Experiments Also on the ramp, Nazi doctors would search among the new arrivals for anyone they might want to experiment upon. Their favorite choices were twins and dwarves, but also anyone who in any way looked physically unique, such as having different colored eyes, would be pulled from the line for experiments. At Auschwitz, there was a team of Nazi doctors who conducted experiments, but the two most notorious were Dr. Carl Clauberg and Dr.  Josef Mengele. Dr. Clauberg focused his attention on finding ways to sterilize women, by such unorthodox methods as X-rays and injections of various substances into their uteruses. Dr. Mengele  experimented on identical twins, hoping to find a secret to cloning what Nazis considered the perfect Aryan. Liberation When the Nazis realized that the Russians were successfully pushing their way toward Germany in late 1944, they decided to start destroying evidence of their atrocities at Auschwitz. Himmler ordered the destruction of the crematoria and the human ashes were buried in huge pits and covered with grass. Many of the warehouses were emptied, with their contents shipped back to Germany. In the middle of January 1945, the Nazis removed the last 58,000 prisoners from Auschwitz and sent them on  death marches. The Nazis planned on marching these exhausted prisoners all the way to camps closer or within Germany. On January 27, 1945, the Russians reached Auschwitz. When the Russians entered the camp, they found the 7,650 prisoners who had been left behind. The camp was liberated; these prisoners were now free.